Rubia

: It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin), terpenes, and cyclopeptides . 2. Rubia tinctorum (Common Madder)

Historically famous for the dye, this species is native to Europe and the Middle East. : It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin),

: Research has highlighted its antioxidant , anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. - PMC : The dried roots contain the

: In traditional systems, it was used to treat kidney stones and menstrual disorders, though it is less common today due to potential toxicity . A comprehensive review of Rubia cordifolia L. - PMC : Research has highlighted its antioxidant

: The dried roots contain the pigment alizarin , which was the primary source for red textiles before synthetic dyes were developed.

: Its rhizomes and roots are valued for improving blood circulation, purifying blood, and treating inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and psoriasis.