: Allying with the Central Powers led to total defeat and occupation.

: Captured Byzantine territories in Anatolia and the Balkans.

: Defeat at the Battle of Vienna (1683) signaled a turning point.

: Suleiman (the "Lawgiver") codified a unified legal system. 3. Stagnation and Reform (1600s–1800s)

: Reached the gates of Vienna and dominated the Mediterranean.

Focus on a (like Suleiman or Abdülhamid II ) Detail the Janissary corps or military structure Explain the causes of the empire's fall in depth

: Re-established the constitution in 1908.

: Increasing debt and nationalist uprisings weakened central control. 4. Collapse (1908–1922)