Of Atomic Force Mi... — Fundamentals And Application

Provides a (height data), not just a 2D projection. Requires no vacuum ; it can operate in air or liquids.

Researchers use AFM to visualize the double helix of DNA or the movement of protein channels in living cell membranes under physiological conditions (liquid environments). Fundamentals and Application of Atomic Force Mi...

As the tip scanned across a surface, atomic forces (like Van der Waals, electrostatic, or capillary forces) cause the cantilever to deflect. Provides a (height data), not just a 2D projection

The cantilever vibrates at its resonance frequency, lightly "tapping" the surface. This reduces friction and lateral forces, making it the gold standard for polymers and DNA . Provides a (height data)

The tip "drags" across the surface. It provides high resolution but can damage soft samples like biological tissues.