Energiya-buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle -

: The Buran was designed for fully autonomous flight from the start. Its only orbital mission was conducted entirely without a crew, including a precise automated landing in high winds—a feat the U.S. Shuttle never attempted.

The program was primarily driven by military concerns—specifically the fear that the U.S. Shuttle could be used as a "space bomber" to target Moscow. However, following the in 1991, funding evaporated. Energiya-Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle

: Unlike the U.S. Shuttle, which carried its main engines on the orbiter, the Soviet version placed the heavy main engines on the Energia rocket itself. This allowed the Energia to launch heavy payloads (up to 100 tons) even without a shuttle attached. : The Buran was designed for fully autonomous

On , the Buran orbiter (1.01) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It completed two orbits and successfully returned for a "picture-perfect" automated landing. To transport the massive orbiter, the Soviets developed the Antonov An-225 Mriya , which remained the largest heavy-lift aircraft in the world until its destruction in 2022. Demise and Legacy : Unlike the U