: Specializes in "iron-flow" chemistry, which uses non-toxic, abundant materials like iron and salt, making it an eco-friendly choice for larger estates.
: Expect to pay $400–$800 per kWh for flow batteries, compared to $150–$300 per kWh for lithium-ion.
: A leader in small-scale flow batteries, known for the ZBM3 zinc-bromine system which is modular and designed for harsh environments.
: Unlike lithium-ion, flow batteries are non-flammable and have no risk of thermal runaway. They can also handle 100% depth of discharge and "hibernation" for months without losing capacity.
: Focuses on vanadium redox technology; their new "Mistral" series is gaining traction for commercial and high-end residential backup.
: Flow batteries often have a lower Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) over 25 years due to their 10,000–20,000 cycle life and 100% recyclable electrolytes. Top Brands & Technologies (2026)