Derived from the phase of S21, this measures the time delay of the signal through the device. Consistent group delay is vital for maintaining signal integrity in wideband communications.
Once calibrated and connected, you focus on the four primary S-parameters:
Indicates how well the input impedance matches the system (usually 50Ω). A lower S11 (e.g., < -10 dB) means less power is reflected back to the source.