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: The war was devastating for Germany, which lost up to one-third of its population due to combat, famine, and disease. III. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

This was the first "all-European" war, involving most states of the continent. : The Habsburg Bloc : Austria and Spain (Catholic).

: A turning point where Ottoman expansion into Europe was definitively halted. : The war was devastating for Germany, which

: No single state was allowed to dominate Europe, creating a fragile system of checks and balances. IV. Decline of the Ottoman Empire

: The struggle between Catholics and Protestants (Reformation vs. Counter-Reformation) became a central driver of European politics. : The Habsburg Bloc : Austria and Spain (Catholic)

: Established that each ruler has the right to determine the religion of their state.

The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent but began to struggle against European coalitions like the "Holy League." and Russia (joined via supply support).

: Denmark, Sweden, France, the Netherlands, and Russia (joined via supply support).