: Information can be withheld if it relates to: National security/classified info. Internal personnel rules. Information protected by other laws. Trade secrets or confidential business data. Privileged inter-agency/intra-agency memos. Personal privacy (personnel/medical files). Law enforcement records. Financial institution reports. Geological data (wells).

: Agencies must publish descriptions of their organization, procedural rules, and substantive policies in the Federal Register .

: If an agency improperly withholds records, individuals can file a lawsuit in U.S. District Court, where a judge reviews the case de novo (anew).